CBSE Class 12 Political Science (2026–27)
Contemporary World Politics – Chapter 7: Globalisation
20 Important Questions and Answers
1. What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is the process through which countries become increasingly interconnected in economic, political, cultural, and technological spheres. It involves the movement of goods, services, capital, information, and people across national boundaries. Advances in communication and transportation technologies have accelerated this process. Globalisation has made the world more integrated, allowing countries to participate in international trade and cultural exchange. However, it has also raised concerns regarding economic inequality, loss of local cultures, and environmental challenges. In contemporary politics, globalisation is seen as a major force shaping international relations and domestic policies across the world.
2. What are the main dimensions of globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation has three major dimensions: economic, political, and cultural. Economic globalisation refers to the flow of goods, services, investments, and technology across countries. Political globalisation involves increased cooperation among nations through international organizations and agreements. Cultural globalisation promotes the exchange of ideas, values, traditions, and lifestyles through media and communication networks. These dimensions are interconnected and influence one another. Economic ties often lead to political cooperation, while cultural exchanges foster greater understanding among societies. Together, these dimensions have transformed the way people live, work, and interact in the modern world.
3. Explain economic globalisation.
Answer:
Economic globalisation refers to the increasing integration of national economies into the global economy through trade, investment, and financial flows. It allows businesses to operate across borders and enables countries to access international markets. Multinational corporations play a significant role in this process by investing and producing goods in different countries. Economic globalisation can increase employment opportunities, boost economic growth, and provide consumers with a variety of products. However, it may also create income inequalities and increase dependence on global markets. Developing countries often face challenges in competing with stronger economies under globalised economic systems.
4. What role has technology played in globalisation?
Answer:
Technology has been one of the most important drivers of globalisation. Developments in communication technologies such as the internet, mobile phones, and satellite networks have made information sharing faster and easier. Advances in transportation have reduced travel time and costs, enabling quicker movement of goods and people. Technology has facilitated international trade, global business operations, and cultural exchange. It has connected individuals and organizations worldwide, creating a global network of communication. As a result, countries can participate more effectively in economic and social activities beyond their borders, making the world increasingly interconnected.
5. What are Multinational Corporations (MNCs)?
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are companies that own or control production and business operations in more than one country. These corporations invest in different nations to manufacture goods, provide services, and expand markets. MNCs play a crucial role in globalisation by promoting international trade, technology transfer, and employment generation. They contribute to economic growth by bringing foreign investment and modern management practices. However, critics argue that MNCs can exploit cheap labour, influence government policies, and dominate local markets. Their growing presence has made them significant actors in the global economy and international politics.
6. How has globalisation affected India?
Answer:
Globalisation has significantly influenced India since the economic reforms of 1991. It has increased foreign investment, expanded trade opportunities, and encouraged economic growth. Indian industries gained access to global markets, leading to the development of sectors such as information technology, telecommunications, and services. Consumers benefited from greater product choices and improved quality. However, globalisation has also created challenges such as job insecurity in some sectors, growing income inequalities, and pressure on small-scale industries. Despite these concerns, globalisation has contributed to India’s integration into the global economy and enhanced its international standing.
7. What is cultural globalisation?
Answer:
Cultural globalisation refers to the spread of ideas, values, traditions, lifestyles, and cultural products across countries. Through television, films, social media, music, and the internet, people are exposed to cultures from different parts of the world. Cultural globalisation promotes mutual understanding and interaction among societies. It has introduced new lifestyles, food habits, and entertainment forms. However, some critics fear that dominant cultures may overshadow local traditions and identities. Supporters argue that cultural exchange enriches societies and encourages diversity. Thus, cultural globalisation has both positive and negative effects on communities worldwide.
8. What is meant by political globalisation?
Answer:
Political globalisation refers to the increasing cooperation and interaction among countries through international institutions, treaties, and organizations. Governments work together to address global issues such as climate change, terrorism, pandemics, and human rights. Organizations like the United Nations play an important role in facilitating global governance. Political globalisation encourages dialogue, conflict resolution, and collective decision-making. However, some critics argue that it may reduce national sovereignty because governments must follow international rules and agreements. Despite challenges, political globalisation has strengthened international cooperation in dealing with issues that affect the entire world.
9. What are the positive effects of globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation has brought several benefits to countries and individuals. It has expanded international trade, increased investment opportunities, and promoted economic growth. Consumers enjoy a wider variety of products and services at competitive prices. Technological advancements and knowledge sharing have improved education, healthcare, and communication. Globalisation has also encouraged cultural exchange and international cooperation. Many developing countries have benefited from foreign investment and employment opportunities. Additionally, it has facilitated the spread of innovation and modern technologies. These advantages have contributed to improving living standards and strengthening connections among nations across the globe.
10. What are the negative effects of globalisation?
Answer:
Despite its benefits, globalisation has several negative consequences. It can increase economic inequality between and within countries. Small businesses may struggle to compete with large multinational corporations. Workers sometimes face job insecurity due to shifting production to low-cost regions. Cultural globalisation may threaten local traditions and identities. Environmental degradation can result from increased industrial activity and resource exploitation. Developing countries may become dependent on global markets and foreign investments. Critics also argue that globalisation often benefits powerful nations and corporations more than poorer communities. Therefore, its impact remains a subject of debate worldwide.
11. What is the role of the WTO in globalisation?
Answer:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that regulates global trade among nations. Established in 1995, it aims to promote free and fair trade by reducing trade barriers and resolving disputes between member countries. The WTO provides a platform for negotiations on trade-related issues and ensures that international trade rules are followed. It has contributed to the expansion of global commerce and economic integration. However, critics argue that WTO policies sometimes favour developed countries and large corporations. The organization remains a key institution supporting economic globalisation.
12. Why do some people oppose globalisation?
Answer:
Many people oppose globalisation because they believe it increases inequality and benefits powerful countries and corporations more than ordinary citizens. Critics argue that globalisation can lead to job losses, exploitation of workers, and weakening of labour rights. Environmental activists highlight its contribution to pollution and resource depletion. Cultural groups fear the erosion of local traditions and identities. Some also believe that global institutions influence national policies, reducing government autonomy. These concerns have led to protests and movements demanding fairer economic policies, environmental protection, and greater accountability from multinational corporations and international organizations.
13. What is the Anti-Globalisation Movement?
Answer:
The Anti-Globalisation Movement consists of individuals, groups, and organizations that criticize certain aspects of globalisation. They are not necessarily against international cooperation but oppose policies that increase inequality, environmental damage, and corporate dominance. Activists demand fair trade, labour rights, environmental sustainability, and social justice. They often organize demonstrations during international meetings of institutions like the WTO and IMF. The movement highlights the negative effects of unregulated globalisation on vulnerable populations. Through campaigns and public awareness efforts, it seeks to ensure that globalisation benefits all sections of society rather than a limited group of powerful actors.
14. How does globalisation affect employment?
Answer:
Globalisation affects employment in both positive and negative ways. It creates new job opportunities through foreign investments, international trade, and the expansion of industries. Sectors such as information technology, telecommunications, and services have grown significantly because of globalisation. However, increased competition may force some businesses to close, leading to job losses. Companies may also relocate production to countries with lower labour costs, affecting workers elsewhere. Employment patterns change as economies adapt to global markets. Therefore, while globalisation can generate employment and economic growth, it can also create challenges related to job security and income distribution.
15. Explain the concept of global village.
Answer:
The term “global village” refers to a world where people are closely connected through modern communication and transportation technologies. Advances such as the internet, social media, television, and air travel have reduced geographical barriers and enabled instant communication across continents. People can share information, ideas, and experiences regardless of location. The concept highlights how globalisation has brought societies closer together, making the world function like a small community. While the global village promotes understanding and cooperation, it also raises concerns about cultural homogenization and unequal access to technology among different regions.
16. How has media contributed to globalisation?
Answer:
Media has played a significant role in promoting globalisation by facilitating the rapid flow of information and ideas across countries. Television, newspapers, radio, internet platforms, and social media connect people worldwide. Media introduces audiences to global events, cultures, lifestyles, and perspectives. It supports cultural exchange and encourages awareness of international issues. Businesses use media to market products globally, while governments communicate policies and initiatives internationally. However, critics argue that media can also spread cultural dominance and misinformation. Overall, media has become a powerful tool in strengthening global connections and accelerating the process of globalisation.
17. What is liberalisation and how is it related to globalisation?
Answer:
Liberalisation refers to the removal or reduction of government restrictions on economic activities such as trade, investment, and business operations. It is closely linked to globalisation because it allows countries to integrate more easily into the global economy. Through liberalisation, governments reduce trade barriers, encourage foreign investment, and promote competition. In India, economic liberalisation began in 1991 and contributed significantly to global economic integration. Liberalisation has increased economic opportunities and market access but has also exposed domestic industries to greater competition. Thus, it serves as an important mechanism supporting the process of globalisation.
18. How does globalisation influence developing countries?
Answer:
Globalisation offers developing countries opportunities for economic growth, foreign investment, technology transfer, and access to international markets. It can improve infrastructure, create jobs, and enhance productivity. Developing nations can benefit from global trade by exporting goods and services. However, they also face challenges such as competition from stronger economies, dependence on foreign capital, and vulnerability to global economic crises. Income inequalities may widen if benefits are unevenly distributed. Governments must adopt appropriate policies to maximize advantages and reduce negative impacts. Therefore, globalisation presents both opportunities and challenges for developing countries.
19. What is the relationship between globalisation and sovereignty?
Answer:
Globalisation has influenced the traditional concept of state sovereignty. As countries participate in international organizations, trade agreements, and global institutions, they often accept certain common rules and obligations. This can limit complete independence in decision-making. For example, governments may adjust policies to meet international standards or treaty commitments. However, sovereignty is not entirely lost because states voluntarily participate in these arrangements and continue to exercise authority within their territories. Globalisation has transformed sovereignty by encouraging cooperation and interdependence while maintaining the importance of national governments in managing domestic affairs.
20. Why is globalisation considered a contested concept?
Answer:
Globalisation is considered a contested concept because different groups view its effects differently. Supporters believe it promotes economic growth, technological progress, cultural exchange, and international cooperation. Critics argue that it increases inequality, weakens local cultures, harms the environment, and benefits powerful nations and corporations disproportionately. Governments, businesses, workers, environmentalists, and social activists often have contrasting opinions about its impact. The debate arises because globalisation produces both opportunities and challenges. Its consequences vary across countries and social groups, making it difficult to assess as entirely positive or negative. Hence, globalisation remains a subject of ongoing discussion and debate.