CBSE Class 12 Political Science (Contemporary World Politics)
Chapter 2: Contemporary Centres of Power
20 Important Questions and Answers
(As per CBSE 2026–27 Syllabus)
1. What factors contributed to the rise of the European Union (EU) as a major centre of power?
Answer:
The European Union emerged as a major centre of power through economic integration, political cooperation, and common institutions among European countries. After the Second World War, European nations sought peace and prosperity by reducing conflicts and promoting trade. The formation of a common market, a single currency (Euro) in many member states, and coordinated policies strengthened the EU’s global influence. The EU became one of the world’s largest economies and a significant trading bloc. It also plays an important role in international diplomacy, environmental issues, and human rights. Its collective strength allows member countries to exert greater influence globally than they could individually.
2. Explain any two objectives behind the formation of the European Union.
Answer:
The European Union was formed to promote peace and economic prosperity among European nations. One major objective was to prevent future wars by increasing cooperation and interdependence among countries. Economic integration would make conflict less likely and encourage stability. Another objective was to improve economic growth through a common market that allows free movement of goods, services, capital, and people. This integration helps businesses expand and creates employment opportunities. Over time, the EU also aimed to strengthen Europe’s role in global affairs by coordinating policies and speaking with a united voice on international issues.
3. Why is the European Union considered an economic superpower?
Answer:
The European Union is regarded as an economic superpower because it has one of the largest combined economies in the world. The EU promotes free trade among member countries through a common market, increasing economic efficiency and growth. Many EU members use the Euro, which is a major international currency. The Union is a leading exporter and importer of goods and services and has significant influence over global trade rules. High levels of industrialization, technological advancement, and skilled human resources contribute to its economic strength. The EU’s large consumer market also attracts investment from around the world, enhancing its global economic importance.
4. What are the major achievements of the European Union?
Answer:
The European Union has achieved remarkable success in promoting peace, stability, and economic development in Europe. It transformed a region once affected by wars into one characterized by cooperation and integration. The establishment of a common market has facilitated trade and economic growth among member states. The introduction of the Euro strengthened financial integration. The EU has also promoted democratic values, human rights, and environmental protection. It plays an active role in international diplomacy and development assistance. Through educational and cultural exchange programs, it has encouraged greater unity among European citizens while respecting national diversity.
5. Discuss the political and military influence of the European Union.
Answer:
Politically, the European Union plays a significant role in international affairs through collective decision-making and diplomacy. It influences global policies related to trade, climate change, human rights, and development. The EU often acts as a unified bloc in international organizations, increasing its political weight. Militarily, while the EU does not have a single unified army, several member states possess strong military capabilities. Some members are also part of NATO, contributing to regional security. The EU participates in peacekeeping and crisis-management operations. Although its military influence is less centralized than its economic power, it remains an important actor in global security matters.
6. Describe the rise of China as a major economic power.
Answer:
China emerged as a major economic power due to economic reforms introduced in 1978 under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. The government shifted from a strictly planned economy to a market-oriented system while maintaining political control. Special Economic Zones attracted foreign investment and encouraged exports. Rapid industrialization, infrastructure development, and a large labor force boosted economic growth. China became a manufacturing hub for the world and achieved remarkable increases in trade and investment. Continuous economic expansion improved living standards and strengthened China’s global influence. Today, China is one of the world’s largest economies and a key player in international affairs.
7. What were the major economic reforms introduced in China?
Answer:
China introduced significant economic reforms in 1978 to modernize its economy. The government encouraged private enterprise and allowed market forces to play a greater role in economic activities. Special Economic Zones were established to attract foreign investment and promote exports. Agricultural reforms increased productivity by giving farmers more freedom in production decisions. State-owned industries were gradually restructured to improve efficiency. These reforms opened China to global trade and investment while maintaining political control under the Communist Party. As a result, China experienced rapid industrial growth, technological advancement, and significant improvements in income and living standards.
8. Why is China considered a major centre of power in contemporary world politics?
Answer:
China is considered a major centre of power because of its strong economy, growing military capabilities, and increasing political influence. It is one of the world’s largest economies and a leading exporter of goods. China’s rapid economic development has enabled substantial investments in technology, infrastructure, and defense. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, giving it an important role in global decision-making. China also influences international trade and regional politics, especially in Asia. Its active participation in global institutions and development projects has further enhanced its position as a significant global power.
9. Explain China’s role in the global economy.
Answer:
China plays a crucial role in the global economy as a leading producer, exporter, and consumer of goods and services. It is often called the “factory of the world” because of its extensive manufacturing sector. China attracts large amounts of foreign investment and is deeply integrated into global supply chains. It imports raw materials and exports finished products to countries worldwide. China’s economic growth contributes significantly to global trade and development. It also invests heavily in infrastructure and development projects in various countries. Through these activities, China has become an indispensable participant in the international economic system.
10. Mention any two challenges faced by China despite its economic success.
Answer:
Despite impressive economic growth, China faces several challenges. One major challenge is regional inequality. Coastal regions have developed rapidly, while many interior areas remain comparatively less prosperous. This creates social and economic disparities. Another challenge is environmental degradation caused by rapid industrialization. Pollution, resource depletion, and climate-related concerns have become significant issues. China also faces demographic challenges such as an aging population and increasing demand for social welfare. Managing these problems while sustaining economic growth requires careful planning and policy reforms. These challenges highlight that economic success alone does not eliminate developmental difficulties.
11. Explain the role of Japan as an economic power.
Answer:
Japan is one of the world’s leading economic powers despite limited natural resources. After the Second World War, Japan focused on industrial development, technological innovation, and export-oriented growth. It became a global leader in automobiles, electronics, and advanced manufacturing. High-quality products and efficient management practices contributed to its economic success. Japan maintains strong trade relations with many countries and plays an important role in international financial institutions. Its technological expertise and investments influence global economic development. Although Japan faces challenges such as an aging population, it remains a significant centre of economic power in the contemporary world.
12. What factors contributed to Japan’s economic growth after World War II?
Answer:
Several factors contributed to Japan’s rapid economic growth after World War II. Strong government support for industrial development encouraged modernization and innovation. Investments in education created a highly skilled workforce capable of adopting advanced technologies. Japanese industries emphasized quality, efficiency, and productivity, making their products competitive in global markets. The country also benefited from political stability and close economic ties with major trading partners. Export-oriented policies helped Japanese companies expand internationally. Continuous technological advancement and research further strengthened industrial growth. Together, these factors transformed Japan into one of the most successful economies in the world.
13. Why is Japan considered a technological leader?
Answer:
Japan is considered a technological leader because of its continuous investment in research, innovation, and industrial development. Japanese companies have pioneered advancements in electronics, robotics, automobiles, and precision manufacturing. The country’s education system and skilled workforce support scientific and technological progress. High standards of quality and efficiency have made Japanese products globally respected. Japan’s commitment to research and development enables it to remain competitive in emerging technologies. Its innovations contribute significantly to economic growth and international trade. Through technological excellence, Japan has established itself as a major influence in the global economy and modern industry.
14. Discuss the emergence of India as a centre of power.
Answer:
India has emerged as an important centre of power due to its economic growth, democratic political system, and strategic location. Economic reforms initiated in 1991 accelerated development by encouraging investment, trade, and private enterprise. India possesses a large population, a skilled workforce, and significant technological capabilities. It has made progress in information technology, space research, and scientific innovation. As the world’s largest democracy, India enjoys political legitimacy and international respect. It actively participates in global organizations and regional forums. These factors have strengthened India’s influence in contemporary world politics and increased its role in international decision-making.
15. What are the major strengths of India as an emerging power?
Answer:
India’s major strengths include its large and youthful population, democratic governance, and growing economy. A vast pool of skilled professionals supports sectors such as information technology, science, and engineering. India’s strategic geographical location enhances its importance in regional and global affairs. The country has achieved notable progress in space technology, education, and industrial development. Its democratic institutions promote political stability and participation. India also possesses considerable military capabilities and nuclear technology. Active involvement in international organizations and partnerships further increases its global influence. These strengths contribute significantly to India’s status as an emerging world power.
16. Explain India’s contribution to global peace and cooperation.
Answer:
India has consistently supported global peace, cooperation, and multilateralism. It actively participates in United Nations peacekeeping missions and contributes troops to conflict-affected regions. India advocates peaceful resolution of disputes through dialogue and diplomacy. As a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, it promoted independent foreign policy and international cooperation. India supports sustainable development, climate action, and equitable global governance. It also engages in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in various countries. Through these efforts, India has strengthened its reputation as a responsible and constructive participant in international affairs and global peace initiatives.
17. What is ASEAN and why is it important?
Answer:
ASEAN, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a regional organization established to promote cooperation among Southeast Asian countries. Its objectives include economic growth, political stability, social progress, and regional peace. ASEAN encourages trade, investment, and cultural exchange among member states. By working together, member countries strengthen their collective influence in global affairs. ASEAN has contributed to regional stability by promoting dialogue and cooperation. It also serves as a platform for addressing common challenges such as security, environmental issues, and economic development. Its growing economic importance makes ASEAN a significant centre of power in Asia.
18. Explain the concept of ‘Look East Policy’ of India.
Answer:
India’s Look East Policy was introduced to strengthen economic, political, and strategic relations with Southeast and East Asian countries. The policy aimed to increase trade, investment, and cultural exchanges with nations in the region. It also sought to enhance cooperation in areas such as security, infrastructure, and technology. Through this policy, India developed closer ties with ASEAN and other Asian economies. The initiative helped integrate India more effectively into the dynamic Asia-Pacific region. Over time, the policy evolved into the Act East Policy, emphasizing deeper engagement and stronger regional partnerships to support India’s development and strategic interests.
19. How has ASEAN emerged as a significant regional organization?
Answer:
ASEAN has emerged as a significant regional organization by promoting economic integration, political cooperation, and regional stability among its members. The organization encourages free trade and investment, contributing to economic growth and development. ASEAN provides a platform for dialogue and conflict resolution, reducing tensions in the region. It also cooperates on issues such as disaster management, environmental protection, and security. By acting collectively, member countries increase their bargaining power in international negotiations. ASEAN’s strategic location, growing economies, and active engagement with major global powers have enhanced its importance in contemporary world politics.
20. Compare the roles of China and India as emerging powers.
Answer:
China and India are both important emerging powers, but their paths of development differ. China achieved rapid economic growth through market-oriented reforms under a one-party political system, becoming a global manufacturing leader. India, on the other hand, combines economic development with democratic governance and political pluralism. Both countries have large populations, expanding economies, and increasing influence in international affairs. They play significant roles in global trade and regional politics. While China currently has a larger economy and stronger manufacturing sector, India possesses strengths in information technology, services, and democratic institutions. Together, they are shaping the future balance of global power.