CBSE Class 10 Social Science (Political Science – Democratic Politics-II)
Chapter 1: Federalism
20 Important Questions and Answers
As per CBSE Syllabus 2026–27
1. What is Federalism? Explain its main features.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units such as states or provinces. It ensures that both levels of government function independently in their own spheres. The key features of federalism include two or more levels of government, constitutional division of powers, supremacy of the Constitution, independent judiciary, and separate sources of revenue for each level. Changes to the Constitution require the consent of both levels of government. Federalism promotes unity while respecting regional diversity. Countries like India, the United States, and Australia follow a federal system to manage large and diverse populations effectively.
2. Differentiate between federal and unitary governments.
Answer:
A federal government divides powers between the central government and state governments, while a unitary government concentrates power in the hands of the central authority. In a federal system, both levels of government derive their powers from the Constitution and work independently within their jurisdictions. In contrast, in a unitary system, state or local governments receive powers from the central government and can be altered or abolished by it. Federal systems are suitable for large and diverse countries, whereas unitary systems are common in smaller nations. India has a federal structure with unitary features, while countries like the United Kingdom are examples of unitary governments.
3. Why is India called a federal country?
Answer:
India is called a federal country because the Constitution divides powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. Both levels of government have their own areas of authority and responsibilities. The Constitution contains three lists—Union List, State List, and Concurrent List—which clearly define these powers. An independent judiciary settles disputes between different levels of government. India also has a written and supreme Constitution. Although India has some unitary features, such as strong central powers during emergencies, its basic structure remains federal. Therefore, India is often described as a federal country with a strong central government.
4. What are the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List?
Answer:
The Constitution of India divides subjects of governance into three lists. The Union List includes matters of national importance such as defence, foreign affairs, banking, and currency, on which only the Central Government can make laws. The State List includes subjects like police, agriculture, and public health, on which State Governments can legislate. The Concurrent List contains subjects such as education, forests, and trade unions, where both the Centre and States can make laws. If there is a conflict between the two, the law made by the Central Government prevails. This division ensures efficient governance and balances power between the Centre and States.
5. What role does the Constitution play in a federal system?
Answer:
The Constitution is the foundation of a federal system. It clearly defines the powers and responsibilities of different levels of government, preventing conflicts and confusion. In India, the Constitution specifies the powers of the Union and State Governments through different legislative lists. It is considered the supreme law of the land, and all governments must function according to its provisions. The Constitution also protects the rights of states and citizens. Any amendment affecting federal provisions requires special procedures and approval. Thus, the Constitution maintains balance, ensures cooperation, and safeguards the federal structure of the country.
6. How does an independent judiciary strengthen federalism?
Answer:
An independent judiciary plays a vital role in maintaining federalism by resolving disputes between different levels of government. In India, the Supreme Court and High Courts ensure that the Constitution is followed by both the Centre and the States. If disagreements arise regarding the division of powers or constitutional provisions, the judiciary acts as a neutral authority and delivers fair judgments. This prevents misuse of power and protects the rights of states. Judicial review also enables courts to strike down laws that violate constitutional principles. Therefore, an independent judiciary helps maintain balance, stability, and trust in the federal system.
7. What is meant by linguistic states?
Answer:
Linguistic states are states formed primarily on the basis of the language spoken by the majority of people living in that region. After independence, India reorganized many states according to linguistic identities to meet the aspirations of people. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 played a significant role in this process. The formation of linguistic states strengthened national unity rather than weakening it because people felt respected and represented. It allowed citizens to communicate with their government in their own language and preserved cultural identities. Thus, linguistic states contributed positively to India’s democratic and federal structure.
8. Why was the creation of linguistic states considered beneficial?
Answer:
The creation of linguistic states was beneficial because it addressed the cultural and linguistic aspirations of different groups. People could use their own language in administration, education, and communication with the government. This improved governance and public participation. It also reduced regional dissatisfaction and strengthened democratic values. Contrary to fears that it might divide the nation, linguistic reorganization actually promoted national unity by giving recognition to diverse identities. Citizens developed greater trust in the government and felt included in the political system. As a result, linguistic states became an important factor in strengthening Indian federalism.
9. Explain the language policy of India.
Answer:
India follows a flexible and inclusive language policy that respects its linguistic diversity. Hindi is the official language of the Union Government, while English continues to be used for official purposes. The Constitution recognizes multiple languages in the Eighth Schedule. States are free to choose their own official languages for administration. The language policy avoids imposing a single language on all citizens and promotes respect for regional languages. This approach has helped maintain national unity while preserving cultural diversity. By accommodating linguistic differences, India’s language policy has contributed significantly to the success of federalism and democracy.
10. What is decentralisation? Why is it important?
Answer:
Decentralisation refers to the transfer of powers and responsibilities from higher levels of government to lower levels such as local governments. It is important because local authorities are more familiar with the needs and problems of the people. Decentralisation improves efficiency, accountability, and public participation in governance. It allows citizens to directly influence decisions affecting their communities. In India, decentralisation was strengthened through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which empowered rural and urban local bodies. By bringing government closer to the people, decentralisation strengthens democracy and ensures better implementation of development programs.
11. What are Panchayati Raj Institutions?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj Institutions are local self-government bodies established in rural areas to promote decentralised governance. They function at three levels: Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level. These institutions were given constitutional status through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992. Panchayati Raj enables people to participate directly in local decision-making and development activities. It improves transparency and accountability in governance. These institutions play a crucial role in rural development by addressing local issues such as sanitation, education, health, and infrastructure.
12. What is a Gram Sabha?
Answer:
A Gram Sabha is the assembly of all adult members living in a village who are registered as voters. It is the foundation of the Panchayati Raj system and serves as a platform for direct democracy. The Gram Sabha discusses local issues, approves development plans, reviews the functioning of the Gram Panchayat, and monitors the use of public funds. It encourages active participation of citizens in governance and ensures accountability of elected representatives. Through regular meetings, villagers can express their concerns and contribute to decision-making. Thus, the Gram Sabha strengthens grassroots democracy and promotes transparent local governance.
13. Explain the significance of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
Answer:
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions. It established a three-tier system of local government in rural areas and mandated regular elections every five years. The amendment reserved seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women, ensuring inclusive participation. It also created State Election Commissions to conduct local elections independently. The amendment empowered local bodies to prepare and implement development plans. By strengthening grassroots democracy and increasing public participation, the 73rd Amendment played a major role in promoting decentralisation and making governance more responsive to local needs.
14. What is the significance of the 74th Constitutional Amendment?
Answer:
The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 strengthened local self-government in urban areas. It provided constitutional status to municipalities and municipal corporations. The amendment ensured regular elections, reservation of seats for women and disadvantaged groups, and the establishment of State Election Commissions. Urban local bodies were given responsibilities related to planning, infrastructure, sanitation, water supply, and public services. The amendment promoted citizen participation and improved accountability in urban governance. By empowering local institutions, the 74th Amendment helped bring decision-making closer to the people and strengthened democratic decentralisation in cities and towns across India.
15. How has federalism helped India manage diversity?
Answer:
Federalism has helped India manage its vast diversity by accommodating different languages, cultures, religions, and regional identities within a single political framework. It allows states to govern themselves in matters of local importance while remaining part of a united nation. The recognition of linguistic states, flexible language policies, and decentralisation have reduced regional tensions and promoted inclusion. Federalism provides opportunities for different communities to participate in governance and express their identities peacefully. This balance between unity and diversity has strengthened national integration and democratic stability. Therefore, federalism has been a key factor in India’s successful management of diversity.
16. What are the advantages of federalism?
Answer:
Federalism offers several advantages. It promotes efficient governance by dividing responsibilities between different levels of government. It accommodates regional diversity and allows states to address local needs effectively. Federalism encourages democratic participation by bringing government closer to the people. It prevents excessive concentration of power and creates checks and balances within the political system. The system also promotes cooperation between the Centre and States for national development. In a diverse country like India, federalism helps maintain unity while respecting cultural and regional differences. As a result, it contributes to political stability, social harmony, and balanced development.
17. What is cooperative federalism?
Answer:
Cooperative federalism refers to a system in which the Central and State Governments work together for the overall development of the country. Instead of competing, they coordinate policies, share resources, and jointly address national and regional issues. In India, cooperative federalism is reflected in institutions and mechanisms that encourage consultation and partnership between different levels of government. It helps improve policy implementation and strengthens national unity. Cooperation is essential in areas such as education, health, disaster management, and economic development. Thus, cooperative federalism promotes harmonious relations and effective governance in a federal system.
18. Why is decentralisation considered the real spirit of democracy?
Answer:
Decentralisation is considered the real spirit of democracy because it transfers power to the people at the grassroots level. It enables citizens to participate directly in decision-making and governance. Local governments understand community needs better and can respond more effectively to local problems. Decentralisation increases accountability because elected representatives remain close to the people they serve. It also encourages transparency and citizen involvement in development activities. By empowering local institutions and communities, decentralisation makes democracy more meaningful and inclusive. Therefore, it strengthens democratic values and ensures that governance becomes truly people-oriented.
19. How do local governments improve governance?
Answer:
Local governments improve governance by addressing issues that directly affect the daily lives of citizens. Being closer to the people, they understand local needs and priorities better than distant authorities. They manage services such as sanitation, water supply, roads, education, and health facilities. Local governments encourage citizen participation and ensure greater accountability of elected representatives. They also help in efficient implementation of government schemes and development programs. Through regular interaction with residents, local bodies can identify problems quickly and find practical solutions. Thus, local governments play a crucial role in strengthening democracy and improving public service delivery.
20. Explain the importance of federalism in modern democracies.
Answer:
Federalism is important in modern democracies because it allows power to be shared among different levels of government, preventing excessive centralization. It accommodates social, cultural, and regional diversity while maintaining national unity. Federal systems encourage democratic participation and make governance more responsive to local needs. They provide opportunities for innovation and experimentation in policymaking at different levels. Federalism also creates checks and balances that protect citizens’ rights and strengthen democratic institutions. In large and diverse countries like India, federalism ensures political stability, effective administration, and inclusive development, making it an essential feature of democratic governance.